Paid to hire, paid to work: Inside India’s Rs 99,446 cr plan to reshape formal workforce

The Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY) is a central government scheme designed to encourage formal employment by offering financial incentives to both employers and employees. It provides money to first-time workers entering jobs covered by the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), while also rewarding companies that expand their workforce and retain new hires.Approved by the Union Cabinet on July 1, 2025, the scheme has a total outlay of Rs 99,446 crore.PMVBRY has two components.

Under Part A, eligible first-time employees receive a one-time incentive equivalent to one month’s EPF wage, capped at Rs 15,000.Part B provides incentives to employers who create additional jobs. Eligible employers can receive up to Rs 3,000 per month for each qualifying additional employee. The scheme covers eligible jobs created between August 1, 2025 and July 31, 2027. Manufacturing establishments receive support for four years, compared with two years for employers in other sectors.The government aims to incentivise more than 3.5 crore jobs over two years, including 1.92 crore first-time employees.

These are government targets, not independent estimates of jobs expected to be created.The scheme addresses a structural weakness in India's employment landscape: the limited availability of regular, salaried work.According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation's Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for 2025, 56.2 per cent of India's workers are self-employed and another 20.2 per cent are engaged in casual labour.

Regular wage or salaried employment accounts for just 23.6 per cent of the workforce.The challenge, therefore, extends beyond reducing unemployment. It is also about expanding access to stable, formal jobs that offer workers social security and a more predictable source of income. PMVBRY is the government's attempt to encourage that transition.Where are India’s jobs?The PLFS Annual Report 2025 estimated that India had 61.6 crore employed people aged 15 and above.Agriculture remained the largest employer, accounting for 43 per cent of workers.

Manufacturing accounted for 12.1 per cent, construction 12 per cent, trade, hotels and restaurants 12.9 per cent, transport, storage and communications 5.8 per cent, and other services 13.1 per cent. Mining and quarrying accounted for 0.3 per cent, while electricity, water and related services made up 0.7 per cent.Grouped broadly, the figures put around 43.3 per cent of workers in the primary sector, including agriculture and mining.

Another 24.8 per cent are in the secondary sector, including manufacturing, utilities and construction, and 31.8 per cent in the tertiary sector, including trade, transport and other services. These are employment shares, not shares of GDP or GVA.Employment status adds another dimension. In 2025, 56.2 per cent of workers were self-employed, 23.6 per cent were in regular wage or salaried employment and 20.2 per cent were casual labourers.

The unemployment rate for people aged 15 and above was 3.1 per cent under the survey’s usual-status measure, while it was 9.9 per cent among people aged 15 to 29.Year-on-year comparisons need caution. The ministry revised the PLFS sampling design in January 2025 and shifted the annual reference period from July–June to January–December. It advises care when comparing the new series with earlier reports.

The reported fall in agriculture’s share from 44.8 per cent in 2024 to 43 per cent in 2025, and the rise in manufacturing from 11.6 per cent to 12.1 per cent, are not conclusive evidence of a structural shift.PMVBRY targets a narrower problem: formal payroll employment recorded through EPFO. It is not an employment guarantee and does not directly address self-employment, casual work or agricultural underemployment.Why manufacturing is centralPMVBRY covers eligible establishments across sectors but gives manufacturing employers a longer incentive period.

Its official guidelines say the scheme is intended to complement the National Manufacturing Mission by promoting new industries and expanding existing ones, particularly in labour-intensive manufacturing.Under the revised national-accounts series with 2022–23 as the base year, manufacturing accounted for 14.7 per cent of GVA in 2022–23 and 2023–24, and 14.8 per cent in provisional estimates for 2025–26, according to the ministry of statistics and programme implementation.

The figures are not directly comparable with estimates under the previous base year.The employment picture is distinct. PLFS 2025 put manufacturing’s share of workers at 12.1 per cent. Separately, the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) results for 2023–24 reported that employment in covered manufacturing establishments rose 5.92 per cent over the previous year, reaching nearly 1.96 crore persons engaged.

The ASI covers registered manufacturing establishments within its survey scope, not every manufacturing worker in India.A working paper by Sangeeta Ghosh at the Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, Looking Through Employment Elasticities, found employment elasticities above 0.5 in many of the 55 organised manufacturing industries it studied for the period from the mid-2000s.

Employment elasticity measures the relationship between output growth and employment growth. However, the paper also found that more than 40 per cent of new employment generated between 2008 and 2017–18 was contract employment. It focuses on organised manufacturing, so its findings cannot automatically be applied to the whole sector.The four-year incentive window signals the government’s view that manufacturing, particularly labour-intensive segments, can generate sustained employment.

The National Manufacturing Mission, announced in the 2025–26 Union Budget, is part of the wider push.What employers receive, and what startups need to knowUnder Part B, employers can receive up to Rs 3,000 a month for each additional employee whose gross wages at joining are u…